Introduction


On 14 January 2011, Ben Ali fell. On February 11, the "rais 1" Hosni
Mubarak was ousted. On 20 October the same year, Gaddafi
die painfully at the end of a civil war supported by a
international coalition under UN mandate. On July 1, the
Morocco changed constitution and November 25, the Islamist party
the Justice and Development Party came to power. Moreover, other
people asked and still demand the departure of their rulers
and exercise their rights. 2011 was a crazy year for the Arab world.
What has happened?